Đúng 46 năm
trước, Mỹ trao trả cho Nhật quyền quản trị Okinawa
Ngày 15
tháng 05, 1972
Okinawa
Okinawa (Nhật: 沖縄県 (Xung Thằng Huyện)Okinawa-ken?) là tỉnh cực
Nam của Nhật Bản bao gồm hàng trăm đảo thuộc quần đảo
Ryukyu. Trung tâm hành chính là thành phố Naha nằm trên đảo lớn nhất của quần đảo là đảo Okinawa.
Okinawa Prefecture (Japanese: 沖縄県 Hepburn: Okinawa-ken, Okinawan: ウチナーチン Uchinaa-chin) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan. It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu
Islands in a
chain over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long. The Ryukyu Islands extend
southwest from Kyushu (the southwesternmost of Japan's four main
islands) to Taiwan. Naha,
Okinawa's capital, is located in the southern part of Okinawa
Island.
Although Okinawa Prefecture comprises just 0.6 percent of
Japan's total land mass, about 75 percent of all United States military
personnel stationed in Japan are assigned to installations in the prefecture. Currently about 26,000 U.S. troops are
based in the prefecture.
Tỉnh Okinawa
沖縄県
沖縄県
— Tỉnh —
Chuyển tự Nhật văn
Rōmaji |
Uchinaa-chin
Du khách trên những chiếc
xe trâu truyền thống đến đảo Yubu-jima, thuộc thị trấn Taketomi, huyện Yaeyama, tỉnh Okinawa.
Chính quyền
Phó Thống đốc: | Urasaki Ishou, Tomikawa Moritake
| Điện
thoại: (+81) 098-866-2333
Diện tích
Tổng cộng: | 2.281,12 km2, (0.88.075 mi2)
Mặt nước: | 0,5%
Rừng: |
46,1%
Dân số (1 tháng 10 năm 2015)
Tổng cộng: | 1.433.566
GDP (danh nghĩa, 2014)
Tăng trưởng: | 
3,5%
3,5%Địa lý
Vị trí
quần đảo Nansei.
Ba nhóm
đảo của Okinawa.
Tỉnh Okinawa bao trùm quần đảo Ryukyu (thuộc quần đảo Nansei)
chạy dài hơn 1000 km từ phía Tây Nam Kyushu đến tận Đài Loan và phân thành
ba nhóm đảo chính. Đó là:
Khí hậu
Lịch sử
Bài chi tiết: Lịch
sử Okinawa
Bài chi tiết: Vương quốc Lưu Cầu
Okinawa vốn không thuộc Nhật Bản mà là một phần của một nhà nước độc
lập, đó là Vương quốc Lưu Cầu dù rằng người
Okinawa và người Nhật khá gần gũi về mặt chủng tộc.
Vương quốc
Lưu Cầu
Vương quốc này có quan hệ với Trung Quốc mật thiết hơn là với
Nhật Bản.[cần dẫn
nguồn]
Năm 1609, daimyo của phiên Satsuma (nay là tỉnh Kagoshima) ở
phía Nam đảo Kyushu đã tấn công Okinawa, buộc vương quốc Lưu Cầu phải cống nạp
cho Satsuma giống như vẫn cống nạp cho Trung Quốc.
Quan hệ giữa Okinawa và Nhật Bản bắt đầu một cách chính thức như
thế. Tuy nhiên, vương quốc Lưu Cầu vẫn giữ được chủ quyền của mình với sự hậu
thuẫn của Trung Quốc.
Năm 1872, Nhật Bản biến vương quốc Lưu Cầu thành một thuộc địa
của mình và gọi là phiên Okinawa bắt chấp sự phản đối của Trung
Quốc.
Năm 1874, lấy cớ thổ dân Đài Loan sát hại
ngư dân của phiên Okinawa, Nhật Bản xuất binh đánh Đài Loan.
Thất bại trong cuộc chiến tranh với Nhật Bản đã buộc Trung Quốc
phải thừa nhận Okinawa là một phần của Nhật Bản đồng thời chịu để Đài Loan
thành thuộc địa của Nhật.
Năm 1879, Okinawa trở thành một tỉnh của Nhật Bản. Vương quốc
Lưu Cầu hoàn toàn diệt vong.
Mỹ đã biến Okinawa thành căn cứ quân sự khổng lồ của mình ở Đông
Á.
Cho đến nay, tới 75% quân số Mỹ ở Nhật Bản đóng tại Okinawa.
Ngày 15 tháng
5 năm
1972, Okinawa trở về với Nhật Bản.
Hành chính
Tỉnh Okinawa gồm 11 thành phố và 30 làng, thị trấn. Dân số toàn
tỉnh là 1.366.854 người (năm 2005). Okinawa là tỉnh đông dân thứ 32 ở Nhật Bản.
Kinh tế
Okinawa chủ yếu phát triển dựa vào ngành du lịch và nông nghiệp.
Thu nhập bình quân đầu người thấp nhất Nhật Bản.
Xem thêm
·
Công viên tự nhiên quốc gia Iriomote
ishigaki
Chú thích
History
The oldest evidence of human existence on the Ryukyu islands is
from the Stone Age and was discovered in Naha and Yaeyama. Some human bone fragments from the Paleolithic era were unearthed from a site in Naha, but
the artifact was lost in transportation before it was examined to be
Paleolithic or not. Japanese Jōmon influences
are dominant on the Okinawa
Islands, although clay vessels on the Sakishima
Islands have a
commonality with those in Taiwan.
The first mention of the word Ryukyu was written in the Book of
Sui. Okinawa was the Japanese word identifying the
islands, first seen in the biography of Jianzhen,
written in 779. Agricultural societies begun in the 8th
century slowly developed until the 12th century.{{Refn|Masahide Takemoto
suggested in his 1972 paper that the 10th century sites he excavated was formed
on the hillsides suited to agriculture, where remains of Chinese celadonware
were also excavated as signs of the beginning of the Gusuku period or
centralized governing system. Since the islands are located at the eastern
perimeter of the East
China Sea relatively
close to Japan, China and South-East Asia, the Ryukyu
Kingdom became
a prosperous trading nation. Also during this period, many Gusukus, similar to castles, were constructed. The
Ryukyu Kingdom entered into the Imperial Chinese tributary
system under
the Ming
dynasty beginning
in the 15th century, which established economic relations between the two
nations.
In 1609, the Shimazu clan, which controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom. The Ryukyu Kingdom was
obliged to agree to form a suzerain-vassal relationship with the Satsuma and the Tokugawa shogunate, while maintaining its
previous role within the Chinese tributary system; Ryukyuan sovereignty was
maintained since complete annexation would have created a conflict with China.
The Satsuma clan earned considerable profits from trade with China during a
period in which foreign trade was heavily restricted by the shogunate.
Although Satsuma maintained strong influence over the islands,
the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained a considerable degree of domestic political
freedom for over two hundred years. Four years after the 1868 Meiji
Restoration, the Japanese government, through military incursions,
officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyu han.
At the time, the Qing Empire asserted a nominal suzerainty over the islands of
the Ryukyu Kingdom, since the Ryūkyū Kingdom was also a member state of the
Chinese tributary system. Ryukyu han became Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in
1879, even though all other hans had become prefectures of Japan in 1872.
In 1912, Okinawans first obtained the right to vote
for representatives to the National
Diet (国会) which had been established in 1890.
1945–1965
Near the end of World War II, in 1945, the US Army and Marine
Corps invaded
Okinawa with 185,000 troops. A third of the civilian population died; a quarter of the civilian population died
during the 1945 Battle of
Okinawa alone. The dead, of all nationalities, are
commemorated at the Cornerstone of Peace.
The Cornerstone of Peace is a monument in Itoman commemorating the Battle of Okinawa and the
role of Okinawa during
World War II. The names of over two hundred and forty thousand people who lost
their lives are inscribed on the memorial.
After the end of World War II, the Ryukyu independence movement developed, while Okinawa was under United
States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands administration for 27 years. During this
"trusteeship rule", the United States established numerous military
bases on the Ryukyu islands.
During the Korean
War, B-29 Superfortresses flew bombing missions over Korea from Kadena Air Base on
Okinawa. The military buildup on the island during the Cold War increased a division between local
inhabitants and the American military. Under the 1952 Treaty of
Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, the United States Forces Japan (USFJ) have maintained a large military
presence.
Since 1960, the U.S. and Japan have maintained an
agreement that allows the U.S. to secretly bring nuclear weapons into Japanese
ports.
The Japanese tended to oppose the introduction of nuclear arms
into Japanese territory by the government's assertion of Japan's non-nuclear policy and a statement of the Three Non-Nuclear Principles. Most
of the weapons were alleged to be stored in ammunition bunkers at Kadena Air Base. Between
1954 and 1972, 19 different types of nuclear weapons were deployed in Okinawa,
but with fewer than around 1,000 warheads at any one time.
1965–1972
(Vietnam War)
Between 1965 and 1972, Okinawa was a key staging point for the
United States in its military operations directed towards North
Vietnam. Along with Guam, it
presented a geographically strategic launch pad for covert bombing missions
over Cambodia and Laos. Anti-Vietnam War sentiment became linked
politically to the movement for reversion of Okinawa to Japan. In 1965, the US
military bases, earlier viewed as paternal post war protection, were
increasingly seen as aggressive. The Vietnam War highlighted the differences
between the United States and Okinawa, but showed a commonality between the
islands and mainland Japan.
As controversy grew regarding the alleged placement of nuclear
weapons on
Okinawa, fears intensified over the escalation of the Vietnam
War. Okinawa was then perceived, by some inside Japan, as a potential
target for China, should the communist government feel threatened by the United
States. American
military secrecy blocked any local reporting on what was actually occurring at
bases such as Kadena Air Base. As information leaked out, and
images of air strikes were published, the local population began to fear the
potential for retaliation.
Political leaders such as Oda Makoto, a major figure in the Beheiren movement
(Foundation of Citizens for Peace in Vietnam), believed, that the return of
Okinawa to Japan would lead to the removal of U.S. forces ending Japan's
involvement in Vietnam. In a speech delivered in 1967 Oda was
critical of Prime Minister Sato’s unilateral support of America’s War in
Vietnam claiming "Realistically we are all guilty of complicity in the
Vietnam War". The Beheiren became a more visible anti-war
movement on Okinawa as the American involvement in Vietnam intensified. The
movement employed tactics ranging from demonstrations, to handing leaflets to
soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines directly, warning of the implications for
a third World War.
The US military bases on Okinawa became a focal point for anti-Vietnam
War sentiment.
By 1969, over 50,000 American military personnel were stationed on Okinawa, accustomed to privileges and laws not
shared by the indigenous population. The United States Department of
Defense began
referring to Okinawa as "The Keystone of the Pacific". This slogan
was imprinted on local U.S. military license plates.
In 1969, chemical weapons leaked from the US storage depot at
Chibana in central Okinawa, under Operation
Red Hat. Evacuations of residents took place over a wide area for two
months. Even two years later, government investigators found that Okinawans and
the environment near the leak were still suffering because of the depot.
1973–2006
In a 1981 interview with the Mainichi
Shimbun, Edwin O. Reischauer, former U.S. ambassador to
Japan, said that U.S. naval ships armed with nuclear weapons stopped at
Japanese ports on a routine duty, and this was approved by the Japanese
government.
Edwin Oldfather Reischauer (October 15, 1910 – September 1, 1990) was an American
educator and professor at Harvard University.
The 1995 rape of a 12-year-old girl by U.S. servicemen
triggered large protests in Okinawa. Reports by the local media of accidents
and crimes committed by U.S. servicemen have reduced the local population's
support for the U.S. military bases. A strong emotional response has emerged
from certain incidents. As a result, the media has drawn renewed interest in
the Ryukyu independence movement.
Documents declassified in 1997 proved that both tactical and
strategic weapons have been maintained in Okinawa. In 1999 and 2002, the Japan Times and the Okinawa Times reported speculation that not all
weapons were removed from Okinawa. On October 25, 2005, after a decade of
negotiations, the governments of the US and Japan officially agreed to move Marine Corps Air Station
Futenma from
its location in the densely populated city of Ginowan to
the more northerly and remote Camp
Schwab in Nago by
building a heliport with a shorter runway, partly on Camp Schwab land and
partly running into the sea.
Ginowan in Okinawa Prefecture
The move is partly an attempt to relieve tensions between the
people of Okinawa and the Marine Corps.
Okinawa prefecture constitutes 0.6 percent of Japan's land
surface, yet as of 2006, 75 percent of all USFJ
bases were located on Okinawa, and U.S. military bases occupied 18 percent of
the main island.
U.S. military facilities in Okinawa
2007–present
According to a 2007 Okinawa
Times poll, 85 percent of
Okinawans opposed the presence of the U.S. military,because
of noise
pollution from
military drills, the risk of aircraft accidents, environmental degradation,[40] and crowding from the number of personnel
there,[41] although 73.4 percent of Japanese citizens
appreciated the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the
USFJ.[42] In another poll conducted by the Asahi
Shimbun in May
2010, 43 percent of the Okinawan population wanted the complete closure of the
U.S. bases, 42 percent wanted reduction and 11 percent wanted the maintenance of
the status quo.[43]
In early 2008, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza
Rice apologized
after a series of crimes involving American troops in Japan, including the rape
of a young girl of 14 by a Marine on Okinawa. The U.S. military also imposed a
temporary 24-hour curfew on military personnel and their families to ease the
anger of local residents.[44]Some
cited statistics that the crime rate of military personnel is consistently less
than that of the general Okinawan population.[45] However, some criticized the statistics as
unreliable, since violence against women is under-reported.[46]
Between 1972 and 2009, U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal
offenses, including 25 murders, 385 burglaries, 25 arsons, 127 rapes, 306
assaults and 2,827 thefts.
In 2009, a new Japanese government came to power and froze the
US forces relocation plan, but in April 2010 indicated their interest in
resolving the issue by proposing a modified plan.[47] Okinawan feelings about the U.S. military
are complex, and some of the resentment towards the U.S. bases is directed
towards the government in Tokyo, perceived as being insensitive to Okinawan
needs and using Okinawa to house bases not desired elsewhere in Japan. Okinawa
is the poorest prefecture within Japan, and the problem of U.S. bases has
become tangled with the sense of colonialist and imperialist treatment of
Okinawa by Tokyo.[citation needed]
A study done in 2010 found that the prolonged exposure to
aircraft noise around the Kadena Air Base and
other military bases cause health issues such as a disrupted sleep pattern,
high blood pressure, weakening of the immune system in children, and a loss of
hearing.[48]
In 2011, it was reported that the U.S. military—contrary to
repeated denials by the Pentagon—had kept tens of thousands of barrels of Agent
Orange on the
island. The Japanese and American governments have angered some U.S. veterans,
who believe they were poisoned by Agent Orange while serving on the island, by
characterizing their statements regarding Agent Orange as "dubious",
and ignoring their requests for compensation. Reports that more than a third of
the barrels developed leaks have led Okinawans to ask for environmental
investigations, but as of 2012 both
Tokyo and Washington refused such action.[49] Jon Mitchell has reported concern that the U.S. used
American Marines as chemical-agent guinea pigs.[50]
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