Cách nay 485 năm, Conquistador Francisco
Pizarro cho hành quyết hoàng đế Inca độc lập
cuối cùng.
Ngày 26
tháng 07, 1533
·
1533 – Conquistador Francisco
Pizarro cho hành quyết hoàng đế Inca độc lập cuối cùng là Atahualpa tại Cajamarca, Peru
ngày nay.
Atahualpa
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Tại vị 1532 – 29 tháng 8 năm
1533
Thông tin chung
Thân mẫu Ñusta Pacha
Sinh 20 tháng 3, 1497
Mất 26 tháng 7, 1533
(36 tuổi)
Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa,
hay Atawallpa (20/3/1497 – 29/8/1533), là vị Sapa Inca hay
hoàng đế cuối cùng của Tahuantinsuyu (Đế chế Inca)
trước khi người Tây Ban Nha xâm chiếm Đế chế Inca. Ông
là con trai của Huayna
Cápac, vua Inca thứ 11.
Huayna Capac,
drawn by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. The title, in Poma de
Ayala's nonstandard spelling, reads: El onceno inga Guainacapac, "The Eleventh Inca, Guayna
Capac".
Trước khi chết, Huayna
Cápac quyết định chia vương quốc ra làm hai cho hai người con
trai. Atahualpa được hưởng vùng đất phía bắc và ngự tại Cajamarca, trong khi
Huáscar nhận vùng đất phía nam với Cuzco là nơi cai trị.
Năm 1527 Huayna Cápac chết vì bệnh dịch.
Việc chia hai vương quốc đã dẫn đến nhiều cuộc xung đột dữ dội giữa hai anh em.
Mặc dù Huáscar được người Inca kính trọng nhưng người của ông đã bị đạo quân
phía bắc có nhiều kinh nghiệm chinh chiến đánh bại vào năm 1532.
Huáscar bị bắt và bị xử tử. Atahualpa trở thành người thống trị của toàn bộ
lãnh thổ Vương quốc Inca. Tháng 4 năm 1532, Francisco Pizarro chỉ huy quân Tây
Ban Nha đổ bộ vào bờ biển Peru. Ngay từ vài năm trước đó người Inca đã mắc phải
những bệnh mà trước nay họ chưa từng có (đậu mùa và sởi), lan truyền qua Trung
Mỹ đến phía nam với hậu quả chết người.
Khi Pizarro đến, vương quốc Inca không còn
là một vương quốc hùng cường nữa mà là một quốc gia đang chìm đắm trong cuộc
chiến thừa kế giữa hai anh em Atahualpa và Húascar. Cuộc nội chiến này đã lay
chuyển nền móng của vương quốc và sự bất bình của các dân tộc bị thống trị càng
làm cho quốc gia này nhanh chóng sụp đổ. Atahualpa đã đánh giá quá thấp nguy
hiểm xuất phát từ người Tây Ban Nha.
Vào ngày 15 tháng 11 năm 1532 họ được
Atahualpa chào đón một cách thân thiện.
Pizarro và 168 người đồng hành đã lợi dụng
tình huống này để bắt giữ Atahualpa và gây ra một cuộc tàn sát đẫm máu trong số
20.000 người lính Inca trong trận Cajamarca.
Contemporary
engraving of the Battle of Cajamarca, showing Emperor Atahualpa surrounded on
his palanquin.
Francisco Pizarro González (/pɪˈzɑːroʊ/; Spanish: [piˈθaro];
c. 1471 – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador who
led an expedition that conquered the Inca
Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa, and
claimed the lands for Spain.
Pre-conquest
Throughout the Inca Empire's history, each Sapa Inca worked to
expand the territory of the empire. When Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he
expanded the Empire to northern Peru. At
this point, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade and conquer the
territory of present-day Ecuador.
Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui (Quechua: 'Tupaq Inka Yupanki'), translated as "noble Inca accountant," was the
eleventh Sapa Inca (1471–93) of the Inca Empire, fifth of
the Hanan dynasty, and tenth of the Inca civilization.
News of the expansion of the Inca reached the different tribes
and nations of Ecuador. As a defense against the Inca, the Andean chiefdoms
formed alliances with each other.
Around 1460, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, with an army of 200,000
warriors that were sent by his father, easily gained control of the Palta
nation in southern Ecuador and northern Peru in a matter of months. However,
the Inca army met fierce resistance from the Cañaris, which left the Incas so
impressed that after they were defeated the Cañaris were recruited into the
Inca army. In northern Ecuador the Inca army met fiercer resistance from an
alliance between the quitos and the cañaris. After defeating them in the battle
of Atuntaqui, Tupac Yupanqui sent settlers to what is now the city of Quito and
left as governor Chalco Mayta, belonging to the Inca nobility.
Around 1520, the tribes of quitos, caras and puruháes rebelled
against the Inca Huayna Cápac. He personally led his army, and defeated the
rebels in the battle of Laguna de Yahuarcocha where there was such a massacre that
the lake turned to blood.
Yawarkucha or Yawar Kucha (Kichwa
yawar blood, kucha lake, "blood lake"),
hispanicized spellings Yaguarcocha,
Yahuarcocha) is a lake in Ecuador located in the eastern outskirts of the city of Ibarra in Imbabura Province, Ibarra Canton. The lake
is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and wide and has an elevation of 2,190
metres (7,190 ft) above sea level.
The alliance of the northern tribes collapsed and finally ended
when Huayna Cápac married Paccha Duchicela, queen of the quitos, making them
recognize him as monarch, this marriage was the basis of the alliance that
guaranteed the Inca power in the area.
After Huayna Capac died in 1525, Atahualpa was appointed
governor of Quito by his brother Huáscar. Atahualpa
defeated Huáscar's armies, sent because the Inca thought his brother could
overthrow him, and in the process conquered and ruled the Inca Empire as Sapa
Inca. His rule lasted only a few months before he was captured by the army of
Francisco Pizarro, who sided with the Cuzco supporters of the executed Inca
Huáscar. The Spanish conquerors executed Atahualpa in July 1533.
Inca Civil War
Huascar saw Atahualpa as the greatest threat to his power, but
did not dethrone him to respect the wishes of his late father.A tense
five-year peace ensued, Huáscar took advantage of that time to get the support
of the Cañaris, a powerful ethnic group that dominated extensive territories of
the north of the empire and maintained grudges against Atahualpa, who had
fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529, the relationship between
both brothers was quite deteriorated. According to the chronicler Pedro
Pizarro, Huáscar sent an army to the North that ambushed Atahualpa
in Tumebamba and defeated him. Atahualpa was
captured and imprisoned in a “tambo” (roadside
shelters built for the Chasqui) but
succeeded in escaping. During his time in captivity, he was cut and lost an
ear. From then on, he wore a headpiece that fastened under his chin to hide the
injury. But, the chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa said
that this story of capture was improbable because if Atahualpa had been
captured by Huáscar's forces, they would have executed him immediately.
Quito (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkito]) (Quechua: Kitu; Aymara: Kitu), formally San Francisco
de Quito, is the capital city of Ecuador, and at an elevation of 2,850 metres
(9,350 ft) above sea level, it is the second-highest official capital city in the world,
after La Paz, and the one which is
closest to the equator.
Ecuador (/ˈɛkwədɔːr/ (Quechua: Ikwadur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"
He subsequently attacked the Cañari of Tumebamba, defeating its defenses and
leveling the city and the surrounding lands.
Cañari musicians
The Cañari (in Kichwa: Kañari) are an indigenous ethnic group
traditionally inhabiting the territory of the modern provinces of Azuay and Cañar in Ecuador.
He arrived in Tumbes, from
which he planned an assault by rafts on the island Puná. During the naval
operation, Atahualpa sustained a leg injury and returned to land. Taking
advantage of his retreat, the “punaneños” (habitants of Puña) attacked Tumbes.
They destroyed the city, leaving it in the ruined state recorded by the
Spaniards in early 1532.
From Cuzco the Huascarites attacked the armies of general Atoc
and defeated Atahualpa in the battle of Chillopampa. However, the Atahualapite
generals responded quickly. They gathered together their scattered troops,
counter-attacked, and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato. They captured
Atoc, and later tortured and killed him.
The Atahualapite forces continued to be victorious, as a result
of the strategic abilities of Quisquis and Calcuchimac. Atahualpa began a slow
advance on Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco, he sent an emissary to consult the
oracle of the Huaca (a god) Catequil, who prophesied that Atahualpa’s advance
would end poorly. Furious at the prophecy, Atahualpa went to the sanctuary,
killed the priest, and ordered the temple to be destroyed. During
this period, he first learned that Pizarro and
his expedition had arrived in the empire.
Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalkuchimac, and Rumiñawi.
Quizquiz (left), while leading Huáscar
prisoner
Le general Rumiñahui desollando
Illescas ou Quilliscacha d'après un dessin du Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno par Guamán Poma (1615).
In April 1532, Quizquiz and his companions led the armies of
Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato, Chimborazo and Quipaipan. The Battle of Quipaipan was the final one between
the warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalkuchimac defeated Huáscar's army, captured
him, killed his family, and seized the capital, Cuzco.
Atahualpa had remained behind in the Andean city of Cajamarca,:146–49 which
is where he encountered the Spanish, led by Pizarro.:158
Spanish conquest
In January 1531, a Spanish expedition led by Francisco
Pizarro, on a mission to conquer the Inca Empire, landed on Puná Island. Pizarro brought with him 169 men and 69
horses. The
Spaniards headed south and occupied Tumbes, where
they heard about the civil war that Huáscar and Atahualpa were waging against
each other.
About a year and a half later, in September 1532, after
reinforcements arrived from Spain, Pizarro founded the city of San Miguel de Piura, and then marched towards the
heart of the Inca Empire, with a force of 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen. Atahualpa,
in Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, heard
that this party of strangers was advancing into the empire, and sent an Inca
noble to investigate. The
noble stayed for two days in the Spanish camp, making an assessment of the
Spaniards' weapons and horses. Atahualpa decided that the 168 Spaniards were
not a threat to him and his 80,000 troops, so he sent word inviting them to
visit Cajamarca and meet him, expecting to capture them.[20] Pizarro
and his men thus advanced unopposed through some very difficult terrain. They
arrived at Cajamarca on 15 November 1532.[21]
Atahualpa and his army had camped on a hill just outside
Cajamarca. He was staying in a building close to the Konoj hot
springs, while his soldiers were in tents set up around him.[22] When
Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly empty except for a few
hundred acllas. The Spaniards were billeted in certain
long buildings on the main plaza, and Pizarro sent an embassy to the Inca, led
by Hernando de Soto. The group consisted of
15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto sent 20 more
horsemen as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack. These were led by his
brother, Hernando Pizarro.[23]
Hernando de Soto (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnando ðe ˈsoto]; c. 1495 –
May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first Spanish and European expedition deep
into the territory of the modern-day United States (through Florida, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, and most likely Arkansas).
The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to visit Cajamarca to meet
Pizarro, which he resolved to do the following day.[24] Meanwhile,
Pizarro was preparing an ambush to trap the Inca: while the Spanish cavalry and
infantry were occupying three long buildings around the plaza, some musketeers
and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of
the square.[25]The
plan was to persuade Atahualpa to submit to the authority of the Spaniards and,
if this failed, there were two options: a surprise attack, if success seemed
possible, or to keep up a friendly stance if the Inca forces appeared too
powerful.[26]
The following day, Atahualpa left his camp at midday, preceded
by a large number of men in ceremonial attire; as the procession advanced
slowly, Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to invite the Inca to enter Cajamarca
before nightfall.[27] Atahualpa
entered the town late in the afternoon in a litter carried
by eighty lords; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and
5–6,000 men carrying small battle
axes, slings, and
pouches of stones underneath their clothes.[28] "He
was very drunk from what he had imbibed in the [thermal] baths before leaving
as well as what he had taken during the many stops on the road. In each of them
he had drunk well. And even there on his litter he requested drink." [29] The
Inca found no Spaniards in the plaza, as they were all inside the buildings.
The only man to emerge was the Dominican
friar Vincente de Valverde with an interpreter.[30]
Valverde in a detail from The Battle of Cajamarca
in the Monastery
of Santo Domingo, Cuzco, Peru (17th century)
Although there are different accounts as to what Valverde said,
most agree that he invited the Inca to come inside to talk and dine with
Pizarro. Atahualpa instead demanded the return of every thing the Spaniards had
taken since they landed.[31]According
to eyewitness accounts, Valverde spoke about the Catholic religion but did not
deliver the requerimiento,
a speech requiring the listener to submit to the authority of the Spanish
Crown and accept the Christian faith.[32] At
Atahualpa's request, Valverde gave him his breviary but,
after a brief examination, the Inca threw it to the ground; Valverde hurried
back toward Pizarro, calling on the Spaniards to attack.[33] At
that moment, Pizarro gave the signal; the Spanish infantry and cavalry came out
of their hiding places and charged the unsuspecting Inca retinue, killing a
great number while the rest fled in panic.[34]Pizarro
led the charge on Atahualpa, but captured him only after killing all those
carrying him and turning over his litter.[35] Not
a single Spanish soldier was killed.
Prison and execution
On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army camp, in which
they found great treasures of gold, silver,
and emeralds.
Noticing their lust for precious metals, Atahualpa offered to fill a large
room about 22 feet (6.7 m) long and 17 feet (5.2 m)
wide up to a height of 8 feet (2.4 m) once with gold and twice with silver
within two months.[36] It
is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to regain his freedom.
But Hemming says that he did so to save his life. None of the early chroniclers
mention any commitment by the Spaniards to free Atahualpa once the metals were
delivered.[37]
After several months in fear of an imminent attack from
general Rumiñahui, the
outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a liability and
decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahualpa guilty
of revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry, and
murdering Huáscar, his brother. Atahualpa was sentenced to execution
by burning. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would
not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de Valverde, who had earlier offered
his breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, telling
Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to Catholicism, the
friar could convince Pizarro to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be
baptized into the Catholic faith. He was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in
honor of Francisco Pizarro. In accordance with his request, he was executed
by strangling with a garrote on
26 July 1533.[38]
At 1:30 a.m. on 26 July 1533, Atahualpa was interrogated
before his death by his Spanish Captors about his birthplace. Atahualpa
verbally declared that his birthplace is in what the Incas called the Kingdom
of Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeast of
Ibarra, Ecuador). Most chroniclers suggest that Atahualpa was born in what the
Incas used to call the Kingdom of Quito, though other stories suggest various
other birthplaces.[39]
When questioned about his age Atahualpa answered "We do not
use this western way of calculating time; but I can tell you that my life has
seen 31 harvests since I was born, thanks to my mother's help in telling me of
my beginnings." Following his execution, his clothes and some of his skin
were burned, and his remains were given a Christian burial.[40] Atahualpa
was succeeded by his brother, Túpac Huallpa, and later by another brother Manco
Inca.:
Túpac Huallpa (or Huallpa Túpac) (died October 1533), original
name Auqui Huallpa Túpac, was the first vassal Inca Emperor installed
by the Spanish conquistadors, during the Spanish conquest of
the Inca Empire led by Francisco Pizarro.
Manco Inca Yupanqui (1516–1544) (Manqu
Inka Yupanki in Quechua) was the founder and
monarch (Sapa
Inca) of the independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, although
he was originally a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards.
Legacy
It was after the death of Pizarro, Inés
Yupanqui, the favorite sister of Atahualpa, who had been given to
Pizarro in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish cavalier named Ampuero
and left for Spain. They took her daughter by Pizarro with them, and she was
later legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui married her
uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain, on 10 October
1537—they had a son, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro. The Pizarro line survived
Hernando's death, although it is extinct in the male line. Pizarro's third son,
by a relative of Atahualpa renamed Angelina, who was never legitimized, died
shortly after reaching Spain.[41] Another
relative, Catalina Capa-Yupanqui, who died in 1580, married a Portuguese nobleman
named António Ramos, son of António Colaço. Their daughter was Francisca de
Lima who married Álvaro de Abreu de Lima, who was also a Portuguese nobleman.
The most notorious football stadium in Ecuador is named Estadio Atahualpa,
located in Quito.
Remains
The burial site of Atahualpa is currently unknown but historian
Tamara Estupiñán argues it lies somewhere in modern-day Ecuador.[42] She
argues he was buried in Ecuador for safekeeping. The location is named
Malqui-Machay, which in Quechua translates to "mummy".[43] Stone
walls and trapezoidal underground water canals were found in this location.
However, more serious archaeological excavation needs to be done to confirm
Estupiñán's beliefs.
Depictions in popular culture
Atahualpa Inca's conflict with Pizarro was dramatized by Peter
Shaffer in his play The Royal Hunt of the Sun, which
originally was staged by the National Theatre in 1964 at the Chichester Festival then
in London at the Old Vic. The role of Atahualpa was played by Robert
Stephens and by David
Carradine (who received a Tony
Award nomination) in the 1965 Broadway production.[44] Christopher Plummer was Atahualpa in
the 1969 movie version of
the play.
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